Formerly the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (from 1581) and an independent kingdom (from 1830), the country has been alternately governed since 1950 by the Christian-Democratic and Labour parties, often at the head of centre-left or centre-right coalitions.
Under the Constitution of 17 February 1983, legislative power resides with the Crown and the Parliament (States-General) comprising two chambers elected with four-year mandates: the House of Representatives or Lower House (150 directly-elected members) and the Senate (75 members elected by provincial assemblies).

Defence.
In 2014 the Netherlands joined with other countries in the fight to limit the power of ISIS in Iraq.

Justice.
The judicial system is largely based on that of France, and has steadily worked to extend the civil rights of citizens. Same-sex marriages were legalized in 2000, and euthanasia in 2001. A law was introduced in 2019 requiring women to serve on the boards of listed companies.

Population by age and gender (% - 2020)
	75+ 60-74 45-59 30-44 15-29 0-14
MALE	AGE	FEMALE

The population density is one of the highest in Western Europe. The number of immigrants exceeds that of emigrants, but large numbers of Dutch people continue to migrate.

Economic situation.
In 2020, the economy was deeply impacted by the health emergency (-3.8%). The GDP is expected to recover in 2021 (+3.5%). Consumer and business confidence are improving.

Primary sector
Agriculture.
Cereals account for half of all arable land. Potatoes, sugar beet, market gardening and flower-growing are also important.
Livestock and fishing.
Almost half the added value of the primary sector comes from livestock farming (mainly cattle and pigs) which produces meat and dairy products, especially cheeses, which are widely exported. There is a modern, well developed fishing industry. Herring is the most important product, with its main processing and smoking centre at Vlaardingen. Oyster fishing is active in Zealand. The main fishing ports are Scheveningen, Katwijk, Vlaardingen and IJmuiden.

Secondary sector
Minerals.
The country has vast natural gas reserves both offshore and on the mainland: however, the largest gas field in Groningen will stop its on-site production by 2023. The BBL pipeline transports gas to and from the UK; another pipeline connects the country with Denmark.
A regasification terminal is active in Rotterdam. Oil production is important (fields of Coevorden-Schoonebeek, Rijswijk and offshore). There are also significant deposits of salt.
Energy and industry.
Large oil refineries operate in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Vlissingen. A nuclear power station is active at Borssele. A connection with the Danish electricity grid is in operation; an agreement for greater cooperation in energy sector was signed with Germany. Major industries include textile fibres (man-made and synthetic) and fertilizers. Production of salt, chlorine and soda is also relevant.
The steel industry has several hubs, including Rotterdam. Some large multinational companies are based in the Netherlands, such as Unilever (agriculture and food, cleaning products), Royal Dutch Shell (oil), Philips (electronics), Stellantis (automotive), Campari (beverages). Mechanical industry includes ship-building, automobiles and railway workshops. Textile mills process cotton and wool. Other industries include tobacco, sugar, margarine, cocoa and chocolate, beers, spirits, leather, diamonds, porcelain and pottery.

Tertiary sector.
The country shows a tendency toward tertiary and foreign trade. Many services are focused in the transportation and logistics sectors. Rotterdam is the biggest port in Europe. After Brexit, the number of businesses attracted has doubled in 2019.

Main exports (M US$ - 2017) machinery 56 408, telecommunications equipment 50 833, petroleum products 44 591, computers & accessories 36 845, chemicals 36 343, electrical & electronic equipment 36 283, pharmaceuticals 33 530, optical & electro-medical appliances 30 093, vehicles & parts thereof 27 332, plastics 25 450, iron & steel 23 251, fruit & vegetables 15 096, plants & flowers 10 327, apparel & accessories 10 159

Finance and banking.
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange belongs to the Euronext group.

Tourism. The cities, mainly Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht, attract most tourists.

Transport.
The highly developed canal and river network accounts for about a third of all freight transport and connects directly with Germany, Belgium, France and Switzerland.

Education, culture & research.
Compulsory education is full-time from 5 to 16 years and part-time for two years.

Social security and health.
The highly efficient social security system is partially private, the state only being responsible for pensions, low-income benefit and disability benefit.